The history of written news dates back to the Roman empire around 59BC. Back then, Rome was the center of the western world and was the hub of innovation -- from grid based cities to the invention of concrete, Rome was leading the way. Most historians credit the birth of the regular written news updates to the Romans.
Acta Diurna (which roughly translates to daily public records) which was hard carved news on stone or metal sheets, covering politics, military campaigns, chariot races and executions, was published daily and posted by the government in the Roman Forum. The Acta which was originally kept secret, was later made public by Julius Caesar in 59BC.
The printing press
The history of the printed newspaper goes back to 17th century Europe when Johann Carolus published the first newspaper called 'Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien' (Account of all distinguished and commemorable news) in Germany in 1605.
You can access some of the digitised versions from 1609 here. Europe was the hub of printed newspapers in the 17th with quite a few of them starting operations in German, French, Dutch, Italian and English soon after.
The first newspaper to be printed in India was the Hicky's Bengal Gazette in 1780 from a printing press in Calcutta.
The glory times
Newspapers have been integral to society in recent history and have had a significant effect in shaping our political views. The initial newspapers were expensive and hence read only by the privileged few.
The rapid evolution of the printing press brought down the costs of newspapers and helped print a lot more copies at much lower costs.
With the advent of advertising in the 19th century, the cost of newspapers fell significantly and was well within reach of a much wider population. Since then, print media has been growing leaps and bounds and has been an integral part of all of our daily lives.
As the circulation grew, so did the ad revenues. These were the heydays of print media -- they were the innovators in using illustrations and images in story telling, in using telegraph and telephone for rapid sourcing of news from across the world, and setting up widespread distribution channels to reach their audience.
Most of the publications were hugely profitable and owned by wealthy individuals who used these mediums to spread their political views.
For nearly 2 centuries since then print media continued to be a profitable business.
History of newspapers in India
The rapid decline
Newspapers have faced competition from other media vehicles in the past. First, In the 1920s and 30s, when radio adoption was growing and organisations started broadcasting news over radio transmission. News over radio was almost immediately available rather than waiting for the next day.
And then, in the 50s when television were a popular device in western homes and became the primary medium to influence public opinion. The news formats on television were a lot more engaging when compared to print or radio.
The concept of primetime was invented and people were glued to their television sets between 8pm - 10pm to catch the latest political, sports and weather updates in their country, and across the world.
While both these mediums did have an impact on newspapers initially, print didn't face any existential threat from either of them. In fact, newspaper circulation continued to grow as television got more popular and they were largely considered parallel media rather than direct competition.
However, the last 20-25 years have not been that accommodating to print media in general. The rapid rise of digital media on the back of the internet and smartphone penetration has had devastating effects on newspapers worldwide. The graph below tells the sad tale of newspaper firms in the US, and this continues to be the story in almost every country across the world.
Existential threat from digital media
Digital media has been evolving rapidly over the last 20 years. From the initial days of desktop sites, to m-dot sites, responsive web, native apps, PWAs and screen-less devices, digital news has been keeping pace with the technology disruption in the media and entertainment industry.
While TV and radio did not affect print media much, the digital age poses a serious threat to the print industry as a whole.
While TV and radio were parallel formats, instantaneous and engaging, print still had two notable advantages - a) it was non-linear AND b) portability i.e people could read the news when and where they wanted to, rather than keeping themselves free at home during primetime.
The same however isn't true for digital media which offers non-linear, highly personalised news at your fingertips in extremely engaging formats that were never seen before (360 video, AR and VR). Primetime is no longer a fixed hour, it's when you tap on your mobile screen.
This has changed everything for newspapers. Most people get their news on their smartphones (news sites, aggregators, social, search etc). Newspapers, which were an integral part of everyone's morning, are now rapidly fading away, only to be replaced by more screen time.
The 400 year old industry is certainly facing its toughest time in history, much like the 90s and early 2000s when photography was disrupted through the invention of digital photography devices.
The future of newspapers in the Digital Age
There is more to be told about printed newspapers. Of the estimated five billion newspaper readers in the world, three billion read print newspapers. Millennials and many others have been known to enjoy receiving print mailers due to the tangible nature of it.
This and perhaps the easy sense of routine adds to the print publishing world. Readers looking for a break from screen time have also been known to subscribe to larger print content. In certain niches and industries might prefer print over digital; this could be due to the internet penetration level and the nature of the population.
Ultimately, digital media does help publishers save up on the press money and use the limitless space on the web to push their content to a global audience. The reduction of cost of production along with the profits from readership, ad revenues, affiliate marketing and more makes publishers opt for the obvious - digital media.
The future of news papers
The future of newspapers cannot be stated plainly. While we see digital media gain momentum, we haven’t seen print cease to exist. Perhaps, in an ideal world, both can coexist. With overall readership slowly declining in most developed countries due to increasing competition from digital media.
The 57th annual World Newspaper Congress, held in Istanbul in June 2004, reported circulation increases in only 35 of 208 countries studied. The significant increase in numbers came from the developing countries, notably China.
Newspapers are facing increased competition from news websites. A challenge to newspapers is the rise of yellow journalism, while social media too has witnessed extended threads of fake news, the speed of correction has always been impressive with the digital media.
The future of newspapers cannot be predicted but they will definitely have some serious ramifications for our community. In order for democracy to hold it’s essence, people will always need access to information. The switch from mass media to personalized information will change the very nature of content consumption.